Aristotle s Argument For Formal And Final Causes

In this paper, I will refute Aristotle’s argument in the Physics in showing the need for formal and final causes in explaining natural things, by showing that his theories do not allow for any ‘chance’. Aristotle claims we observe order in the presence of ‘nature’ and ‘forms’. Accordingly, final and formal causes give structure and regularity to the natural world. I will argue, especially from the stance of materialism and Empedocles’ theories that chance can lead to order. In Physics II, particularly parts 4-6, Aristotle asserts that all of nature is ultimately teleological: everything is organized towards some final end. The four main elements, earth, fire, water, and air, hold a natural purpose to move towards the center of planet earth. For example, the natural place for water is the surface of planet earth. These elements move and change the way they do, due to their forms. This is how their natural places in the world have been determined. Aristotle believes that change occurs through four different kinds of causes: material, formal, efficient, and final. In brief, the material cause is what X is made of. For example, when building a house, the material cause is the house’s materials like bricks and wood. The formal cause is its form or pattern, or the architect’s plan. The efficient cause is its original source of change, or the process of building said house. The final cause is its intended purpose, or the house’s purpose to provide shelter and comfort. I willShow MoreRelatedAristotle s Understanding Of The Four Causes1448 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of the four causes Aristotle explains that anything which changes is subject to causes giving it potentiality. Potentiality means that something has a purpose to fulfil when it is enabled to, this potentiality becomes actuality when it achieves that purpose which Aristotle called ‘Telos’. Therefore in order to go from cause to effect an object must change and Aristotle understood this process in four different ways called the four causes. He understood that each of the four causes was necessaryRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Nature Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pagessubject of discussion is through finding its primary causes and principles, and then stem back to the root, its elements(Physics 84a. 14-15). To exhibit we have knowledge of a specific subject matter we have to display and vocalize the contributing components that describe the subject. Aristotle titles these principles, causes and elements as previously listed.Therefore, the knowledge of nature must arise with questioning principle s. Aristotle contends that only the elements and principles can beRead MorePhilosophy C100 Quiz 121572 Words   |  7 PagesX | True |    | False | 2.    Which of the following is a philosophical question:    | Is there a God? |    | Does the end justify the means? |    | What form of government is best? |    | What is Time? |   X | All of the above. | 3.   An argument is a reason for accepting a position.    X | True |    | False | 4.    The area of philosophy concerned with values includes    | Ethics |    | Aesthetics |    | Social/political philosophy |   X | All of the above |    | None of the aboveRead MoreThe View Of The Nature Of Reality2159 Words   |  9 Pages 1. Explain (the main ideas and views) and evaluate (by giving arguments) the view of Heraclitus regarding the nature of reality? A: Heraclitus nature of reality was based on the fact that the universe was always changing. He thought that there was no reality, according to Heraclitus everything was based on fire because like our lives fire also changes every single second. His famous quote â€Å"You can’t step in the same river twice† represents the change that we sometimes don’t see, because in hisRead MoreThe Soul Is An Essential Aspect Of Being A Human Being2723 Words   |  11 Pagesbut also animals, plants, and all living things. The soul, also referred to as the psyche, has been the topic of philosophical, scientific, and religious inquiries for thousands of years. Through their texts, three influential philosophers, Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine, shared their views on the soul and what they perceive it to be. Throughout this examination of their findings, the reader will better understand what the soul is, in respect to these philosophers perspectives. In Classical GreeceRead MoreThe Beliefs of Plato vs Aristotle Essay3789 Words   |  16 Pageshim as a pupil. When Plato was sixty years old, the seventeen-year-old Aristotle presented himself, joining the Teachers group of Friends, as the members of the Academy called themselves. Aristotle was a youth of gentle birth and breeding, his father occupying the position of physician to King Philip of Macedon. Possessed of a strong character, a penetrating intellect, apparent sincerity, but great personal ambition. Aristotle was a student in the Academy during the twenty years he remained in AthensRead MoreEssay on Plato on the Existence of Negative Forms4235 Words   |  17 Pagesaccording to Plato?s system, there must be one negative form. For the purpose of analyzing Aristotle?s criticism of Plato, David Ross outlines three distinct respects in which a term can be considered negative.[3] The first category of negative terms that Ross identifies are those which are ?purely negative in their meaning? such as the ?not-good? or ?not-beautiful.? What the many not-good have in common is the absence of being good. The second class of negative terms in Ross?s division encompassesRead MoreThe Church in the Middle Ages Essay2025 Words   |  9 PagesThe Church in the Middle Ages By The Middle Ages, one understands a relatively long historical period extending from the end of the Roman Empire to the 1500s. The conquest of The Roman Empire by Germanic tribes, and synthesis of Germanic and Roman ways of life formed the civilization which we call medieval (medieval-from Latin words; medium (middle) and aevum (age)). Medieval civilization was greatly influenced by the Muslims in Spain and The Middle East, and by Byzantine Empire and ChristiansRead MoreThank You for Arguing Reading Logs Essay6613 Words   |  27 Pagesperspective on the human condition. After it awakens you to the argument all around, the world will never seem the same.† (6) In chapter one, â€Å"Open Your Eyes,† Heinrichs states that argument is an important social element that surrounds everyday life. People who uses rhetoric, the art of argument, tends to succeed in persuading others to do their bidding. Many powerful politicians today mastered this tool. The most toughest arguments can be won with this art. Rhetoric has helped mankind developRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagesto true conclusions, originally developed in Ancient Greece. Beginning in the late 19th century, mathematicians such as Frege focused on a mathematical treatment of logic, and today the subject of logic has two broad divisions: mathematical logic (formal symbolic logic) and what is now called philosophical logic. †¢ Philosophy of mind deals with the nature of the mind and its relationship to the body, and is typified by disputes between dualism and materialism. In recent years there have been increasing

American Bureaucracy and Its Budgetary Decisions Free Essays

A Budget is a management tool that is an expression of planned expenditures and revenues. â€Å"Budgets serve many important functions in government. In one sense, budgets are contracts annually agreed on by the executive and legislative branches that allow executive agencies and departments to raise and spend public funds in specified ways for the coming fiscal year, as stated by Stillman in â€Å"The American Bureaucracy† He also says that budgets impose a mutual set of legal obligations between the elected and appointed officers of public organizations with regard to taxation and expenditure policies, therefore, is a legal contract that provides a vehicle for fiscal controls over subordinate units of government by the politically elected representatives of the people. We will write a custom essay sample on American Bureaucracy and Its Budgetary Decisions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Budgetary decisions are made, according to Rubin in her book The Politics of Public Budgeting, by envisioning governments as â€Å"not merely technical managerial documents† but rather â€Å"they are also intrinsically and irreducibly political. † Her ideas are similar to that of general budget concepts over balancing expenditures and revenues, but differ in fundamental ways according to Stillman. The open environments within which budgets are developed, the variety of actors involved, the constraints imposed as well as the emphasis on public accountability, give budgets special and distinctive features in the public sector. † The differences between microbudgeting and macrobudgeting are just what their prefaces imply. â€Å"On the one hand there are a number budget actors, who have all individual motivations, who strategize to get what they want from the budget. The focus on the actors and their strategies is called microbudgeting. They do not bargain with one another over the budget. They are assigned budget roles by the budget process, the issues they examine are often framed by the budget process, and the timing and coordination of their decisions are often regulated by the budget process, according to Rubin. She goes on to say that actors are not free to come to budget agreements alone. They are bound by the environmental constraints. There are decisions that they are not permitted to make because they are either against the law, the courts disagree, or previous decision makers have bound their hands. Budgetary decision making has to account not just for budgetary actors but also for budget process and the environment. This more top-down and systematic perspective on budgeting is called macrobudgeting. † Budget strategies are affected by environment, budget process, and individual strategies, all of which influence the outcomes. The level of certainty of funding influences strategies as well. â€Å"Attention will focus on what is available now, and going after whatever it is, whether it is what you want or not, because what you really want may never show up and hence is not worth waiting for. â€Å"The effect of different strategies on the outcomes is hard to gauge. It seems obvious, however, that strategies that ignore the process or the environment are doomed to failure. Budget actors have to figure out where the flexibility is before they can influence how that flexibility will be used. Strategies that try to bypass superiors or fool legislators generally do not work; strategies that involve careful documentation of need and appear to save money are generally more successful. † There are four phases of a budget cycle; environment, process, individual strategies, and outcomes. In this causal model, or schema, the environment, budget process, and individuals† strategies all affect the outcomes. â€Å"The environment influences budgetary outcomes directly and indirectly, through process and individual strategies. The environment influences outcomes directly, without going through either budget process or individual strategies, when it imposes emergencies that reorder priorities. † The environment influences the budget process in several ways, including the level of resources available, the format of the budget, and the degree of centralization of decision making. â€Å"Environment in the sense of the results of prior decisions may also influence process. † â€Å"Changes in process take place in response to individuals, committees, and branches of government jockeying for power; in response to changes in the environment from rich to lean, or vice versa; in response to changes in the power of interest groups; and in response to scandals or excesses of various kinds. â€Å" How to cite American Bureaucracy and Its Budgetary Decisions, Essay examples

Professional Identity A Registered Nursing â€Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss About The Professional Identity A Registered Nursing? Answer: Introducation Nursing is a profession that stands as the pillar in the health care industry holding all the different components together like the proverbial glue, ever since the introduction of this profession by Florence Nightingale. It has to be understood that nurses are those healthcare professionals who act not only in caring for the patient but It is also the medium of communication between the patient and the medical practitioner ensuring optimal treatment and care for the patients (Johnson, Cowin, Wilson, Young, 2012). accounting to Andrew, patients have a much more respectful and interactive relationship with the nurses as they spend most of the time while being in the healthcare facilities in the care of the nursing professionals, hence the patients find nurses to be much more approachable when it comes to sharing their grievances and feedback (Andrew, 2012). However sadly, despite nursing being one of the noblest professions available, it has still not achieved its due recognition in the society. The profession of nursing is in dire need of respect and recognition in the society which can only be provided to them by developing a respectful professional identity for them. This essay will explore the above mentioned thesis statement taking the example of the blog by Caitlin Brassington, where the author expresses her grievances at being belittled in the society for being just a nurse in profession. Nursing as a profession represents a lot of different attributes, starting from courage compassion, selflessness, patience, perseverance and most of all kindness. A profession that has as many moral attributes associated with it demands a level of emotional investment from the professional that no other profession can even attempt to demand. Nurses have to complete a diverse range of activities and responsibilities on a daily basis, designing a patient centered care, carrying out the care plan, monitoring the response of the patient to the care plan, educating the patient and engaging him into the care plan, and communicating with the patient regarding any grievances that the patient might have with the care plan, and lastly providing compassionate psychological support and counseling to the patients in order to help him attain faster recovery (Hoeve, Jansen, Roodbol, 2014). In order to complete all these activities at the same time for different patients on a daily basis the nurses straw just need to put in long hours, they need to invest emotional attachment and extreme effort from their end for restoring the health of the society. However despite all of the contributions of the nurses to the society, it is a profession that is seriously be result even in this current age. Many of the health care research writers have hinted at the importance of the nursing professionals in the health care industry for it to sustain, there is still lack of respect for the nursing professionals, and there are two prime contributing factors behind, the lack of a respectful professional identity in the society for the nurses, and the lack of knowledge and awareness in the mass about the contribution of the nursing profession in the present day health care (Hallam, 2012). Drawing references from the article written by Caitlin Brassington, a registered nurse, who had been extremely angered and disheartened at being called just a nurse by one of her acquaintances, and her reaction had been more than justified (Brassington, 2017). As a registered nurse practicing in the Australia, there are a multitude of responsibilities to complete. A few of the roles and responsibilities that a registered nurse include performing physical assessment and taking health history, providing promotional and educational help experience along with counseling, medication administration and management and other patient-centered interventions, interpretation of patient information and critical decision making, coordination and collaboration of care within multidisciplinary healthcare team, directing and supervising care, and lastly conducting overall research to incorporate evidence based best practice (Maran Pera, 2015). However, there is very little knowledge in the mass rega rding the responsibilities that a registered nurse has or the daily health care related activities that a RN partakes in. this extreme lack of knowledge and normal respect is reflected in the response you are Just a Nurse of the acquaintance to Caitlin. However, it had to be understood within this context that this lack of knowledge is a direct result of the conspicuous lack of a respectful professional identity for the nurses in the society bringing us to the other contributing factor mentioned above. While the blame for this consequence like a professional identity in the nursing profession can be bestowed upon the faulty designation structure and stereotyping within the healthcare industry and lack of recognizing the nothing works as an integral part of healthcare industry as of now, there is a basic lack of self respect and professional identity within the nursing professionals as well (Hood, et al., 2014). There are a lot of nursing individuals who fail to recognize and respect the contribution of their own profession due to either extreme work pressure and stress or unsatisfactory pay, their lack of respect was there on profession is reflected in the standing the society has given to the nursing profession. Therefore nursing h as been and continues to suffer in extreme lack of understanding in the general public, and these stereotypes feeds on the lack of respectful professional identity for the nurses. Therefore there is need for the nursing professionals to understand the contribution they are making for the society, and the indispensable role they play in the Healthcare industry restoring the health and wellbeing the entire society (Willetts Clarke, 2014). The term professional identity can be defined as an individual on perception on the attributes believes values motives and professional experiences in the context of the job roles and responsibilities that the individual has to partake in. In the blog by Caitlin Brassington, she has described bits and pieces of daily responsibilities as a registered nurse and has provided a beautiful contrast between the belittlement she received operations acquaintance and the magnitude of contribution as a nurse to the society by her (Sims, 2011). She has explained in this article how she had helped mothers deliver babies into the world, how to restore the dignity of the patients, counseled grieving patients after losing a child, perform CPR bringing patients back alive from the very brink of death, educated patients and junior nurses, etc. She had also mentioned how she has sacrificed holidays, memorable days of her children, in order to fulfill her responsibilities as a registered nurse. Like a t rue professional Caitlin has successfully showcased all the professional attributes, delete values and opinions she has about her profession and has contradicted the belittlement acquaintance provided her calling her just a nurse. She has expressed grief at being called just a nurse, in spite of the fact that she contributed and sacrificed so much for her profession and in order to fulfill her job responsibilities. Hence it can be concluded that Caitlin but successfully demonstrate a respectful and morally adequate professional identity as a registered nurse in her blog. In my own opinion the block written by Caitlin Brassington had been an eye opener for all the nursing professionals sacrificing a lot in order to contribute to the society and fulfill the job responsibilities of a nurse. Kids in very beautifully outlined the responsibilities of a registered nurse however she missed out on a lot of details that a registered nurse has to go through on a daily basis. However her I think has been expressive along with been crucially truthful reflecting her pride at being a part of the nursing workforce. And I would like to follow her footsteps to develop selfless professionalism and compassionate kindness for my patience, all the while being extremely proud of my profession. Caitlin provides a glorious example of how a nursing profession and should be, and hence writing received a significant response in the social media. There are challenges in following her ideologies, face the extreme work pressure, stress, and lack of recognition (Vaismoradi, Salsali , Ahmadi, 2011). However with a little support and willful effort it is not impossible to achieve, and as social media provides a great platform for connecting with other nursing professionals and gaining along with providing support, the standard set by Caitlin can be achieved easily. References Andrew, N. (2012). Professional identity in nursing: are we there yet?. Nurse Education Today. Brassington, C. (2017, september 11). 'Am I just a nurse?'. Retrieved from ABC News: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-11/just-a-nurse-queensland-woman-writes-open-letter/7919422 Hallam, J. (2012). Nursing the image: media, culture and professional identity. Routledge. Hoeve, Y. T., Jansen, G., Roodbol, P. (2014). The nursing profession: public image, self?concept and professional identity. . A discussion paper. Journal of advanced nursing, 295-309. Hood, K., Cant, R., Baulch, J., Gilbee, A., Leech, M., Anderson, A., Davies, K. (2014). Prior experience of interprofessional learning enhances undergraduate nursing and healthcare students' professional identity and attitudes to teamwork. Nurse Education in Practice,. Johnson, M., Cowin, L. S., Wilson, I., Young, H. (2012). Professional identity and nursing: contemporary theoretical developments and future research challenges. International nursing review. Maran, A. A., Pera, M. P. (2015). Theory and practice in the construction of professional identity in nursing students: a qualitative study. . Nurse education today,. Sims, D. (2011). Reconstructing professional identity for professional and interprofessional practice: A mixed methods study of joint training programmes in learning disability nursing and social work. Journal of interprofessional management care. Vaismoradi, M., Salsali, M., Ahmadi, F. (2011). Perspectives of Iranian male nursing students regarding the role of nursing education in developing a professional identity: a content analysis study. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 174-183. Willetts, G., Clarke, D. (2014). Constructing nurses professional identity through social identity theory. International journal of nursing practice, 164-169.