Understanding the negative attitude of the public towards police

Understanding the negative attitude of the public towards police As chief of a medium size city in the United States, you are aware that the citizens in your community have a lower than expected opinion of the effectiveness of the police department. Design a research proposal that will provide for a randomized public survey in an attempt to understand the nature and extent of the negative public opinion. Include in your plan a sample survey instrument that would be used in the research. Include in your plan, proposed hypotheses and how these hypotheses will be tested. The researcher will attempt to design a research proposal by using a randomized public survey in an attempt to try and understand the negative attitude of the public toward the police department. With this method prospective participants are chosen by chance rather than by choice. The researcher will also include in the research proposal a proposed hypothesis, an explanation of how this hypothesis will be tested and a sample survey. INTRODUCTION The researcher is always amazed to see that there are many individuals who are more than willing to serve their community in ways that are many times without thanks and dangerous. Among these elite individuals are law enforcement officers. In general many of us are not aware that they are present until some news headline shows up saying that there is a problem or that something or the other went wrong. We as a society need to understand the stress and strain of the law enforcement community that serves us and it is important that we support them. The researcher for one cannot imagine an individual running toward danger when for the most part many of us will choose to run away. So what really happens in law enforcement when there is a less than favorable story and the community begins to focus their entire attention on the incident? It is the researchers belief that from the perspective of individual officers there may be a lot of is a lot of concern and assumption of what is going to happen. There may be a lot of pressure, especially if the individual(s) in question end up in front of a Grand Jury or other court proceeding, not to mention the fact that if there is a civil action it can go on for years. So in essence, does this have an impact on how these law enforcement officers approach their job and or their community? When one really thinks about it, often times the entire enforcement department is suspect when there are a few officers in question. Many believe that there is always some concern that depending on the situation the impact could be negative. There could be a lack of focus. It could be very distracting. It could create doubt about ones supp ort or role. The individual or organization could be hesitant to engage or be proactive in the work they have been challenged or asked to do in the service to their community (Rice, 2010). Its not very often that the publics opinion of police departments is positive. Corruption, unethical behavior, Police brutality, and excessive use of force are all part of the negative views that the public have about law enforcement officers. These types of behavior of law enforcement have had a huge impact on the manner in which the public view law enforcement and the opinion that they have of them. Because of the tactless lack of judgment of some law enforcement officers, the uprightness of the profession of law enforcement officers has become a bit shaded. Lets face it; it is not always news-worthy when the good guys are doing a good job, its really that simple. The media has great influence on the interest of public opinion because they make the determination of what will be seen and what will not. The researcher has seen the good, the bad, and the ugly with the law enforcement department in my city. It is the researchers personal experience with law enforcement officers has been nothing but stellar, helpful, professional, and informative. The researcher do however think that law enforcement departments have their fair share of good and bad, but its the bad that gets the attention and when the public grabs a hold of it they take it and run. Studies have found that the characteristic of a neighborhood and the interaction that they have with law enforcement are factors that have the most influence of the opinion that the public have on law enforcement. The study, conducted in Los Angeles, found that residents from neighborhoods perceived to be crime ridden, dangerous, and disorderly were less likely to approve of the police. In contrast, residents who had informal personal contact with police were more likely to express approval. Race and ethnicity, factors cited as influential in other studies, were not found to be as important as community disorder in determining the publics satisfaction with police (Maxon, Hennigan, Sloane, 2003). HYPOTHESIS If a civilian review board is put in place there will be a change in the opinion of the public regarding law enforcement and there will be less complaints from citizens on a whole. There are major differences between the number of citizens who convey that they are dissatisfied with law enforcement and those who officially make complaints. Many will argue that a lot of citizens do not go on to the next stage in lodging a complaint because they are of the belief that a full investigation will not take place and nothing will happen. Some citizens also may fear retaliation from law enforcement. Supporters of civilian review boards is of the strong belief that the public will be more likely to have more confidence in a process when a complaint is made to a group of civilians rather than by forwarding their concerns to a unit in a police force, and this in turn could increase the number of complaints (An examination of, 2006). AREA DESCRIPTION The sample for the study will be taken from four of the New York Citys Police Departments (LAPDs) 18 geographic areas. The areas will be chosen to reflect comparable rates of reported property and violent crimes and demographic profiles, in particular income and race/ethnicity. Included in the survey will be one delegate from each of the four (4) administrative bureaus. On the other hand, the four chosen areas are not, and are also not intended to be representative of the entire city. Area A will be in Bedford Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. This area has one of the highest rates of violent crime in the city, and it is estimated that it is more than four times higher than any of the other areas that would be included in the survey. In census taken in 1995, area A consisted of about 120,000 residents, of that number sixty percent (60%) were black and thirty-five percent (35%) were of Latino descent. Latinos have shifted into this area that was traditionally black in large numbers. Household incomes were reported among residents as follows: Eighty-five percent (85%) had household incomes below $45,000 and forty-three percent (43%) below $15,000 (U. S. Department, 2003). Area B will be the Brownsville area of Brooklyn. The violent crime rate in this area is the second, and is infested by the biggest population of gang in the city, comprising of more than 8,000 gang members, consisting of about 45 gangs. Area B, nonetheless, has a below average rate for property crime between the four areas chosen for the. Area B is mainly comprised of eighty-four percent (84%) Hispanics with low income and many of its residents live in households that are multigenerational. In the census done in 1995 eighty percent (80%) of these residents reported household incomes as follows: thirty-two percent (32%) below $45,000 and thirty-two percent (32%) below $15,000 (U. S. Department, 2003). Area C will be on the west side of the city. It has a somewhat violent crime rate that is low but among the areas to be surveyed, the rate of property crimes is the highest. Area C has an estimated 220,000 residents and is culturally mixed. Whites account for sixty-one percent, Latino twenty-two percent, Asians ten percent, and Blacks six percent. In the census done in 1991 residents reported the following incomes: Fifty-eight percent (58%) had incomes under $45,000 and seventeen percent (17%) had incomes below $15,000 (U. S. Department, 2003). Area D will be in the Chelsea Piers area. The violent crime rate in this area is very low and the property crime rate is the second lowest (higher than area B). This area comprises of seventy -three percent (73%) whites, seventeen percent (17%) Latinos and eight percent (8%) Asians. The incomes of residents in this area is higher that the other three (3) areas to be surveyed. In the census done in 1991 the reported incomes were as follows: fifty percent (50%) had incomes above $45,000 and twenty-six percent (26%) had incomes above $75,000 (U. S. Department, 2003). METHODOLOGY The researcher will conduct the survey via mail and face to face interviews. Residential addresses will be acquired from lists at the citywide utility service and will be coded to allow the collection of addresses inside the four (4) geographic regions. The survey will comprise of a random sample of five hundred and seventy (5,570) addresses. The procedures for the survey will be taken from Dillmans Total Design Approach (Hoddinott, Bass, 1986), in addition to five contacts with possible survey respondents. A postcard notice will be sent in advance, four survey mailings of which two will contain an incentive of $1.00, and a thank you and or reminder notice will be sent following the mailing of the first survey. All survey materials mailed will include Spanish translations. The researcher will offer other languages in the event that one is needed. Mail surveys let the respondent answer at their own leisure, rather than at the habitually inconvenient instant they are contacted for a phone or personal interview. Because of this, mail surveys are not considered as intrusive as other kinds of interviews. The downside is time! Mail surveys take longer than other kinds. The researcher will need to wait several weeks after mailing out questionnaires before he or she can be sure that they have gotten most of the responses. The face to face method will include personal interviews which have the ability to let the interviewee see the respondent face to face, it also has the ability to find the target population, and longer interviews may be tolerated by the respondent. Particularly with in-home interviews that have been arranged in advance, people may be willing to talk longer face-to-face than to someone on the phone. The down side to this is that personal interviews usually cost more per interview than other methods. This is particularly true of in-home interviews, where travel time is a major factor. The survey will summarize two (2) types of contact that the public has with law enforcement officers: formal contact and informal contact. The formal contacts will include residents calling the police departments in an attempt to ask for service, when residents are questioned by law enforcement officers about a potential crime that was committed. The informal contacts that residents has with law enforcement will include conversations with police officers who are on patrol and interactions that residents have with law enforcement at community meetings, youth activities sponsored by the police, and fairs about community and public safety. The measure of job approval will be based on a six-question scale which will be transformed from Skogans work in Chicago, which will ask residents how well police in their neighborhood and solve problems, help victims, and prevent crime (Skogan, 1998). The measure of the demeanor of law enforcement officers will be formed from five questions that asked respondents whether police were trustworthy, fair, helpful or respectful, and whether or not they seemed concerned. The study will focus on four issues that appeared to have an influence on the opinion of the public on police departments. The four issues will include the following: The perceptions that residents have about the amount of crime, chaos and confusion in their neighborhood and the sense that neighbors have of common trust and responsibility. The formal and informal contacts that residents have with law enforcement and their previous experience as victims of property and violent crimes if any. The demographic characteristics of residents; and The role that the media play in the perception that the public has on law enforcement. TREATMENT OF THE DATA The data received from the survey will be presented in pie charts, and rating scales which will show the percentage of individuals in each group and their opinion regarding law enforcement. Based on the results received it could show that there may be a need for more surveys to be done in order to understand the publics opinion of law enforcement because the acceptance of law enforcement authority by the public is essential for the maintenance of public order. Also, when the public has confidence in law enforcement it could lead to cooperation between law enforcement and the public at large, and this in turn can increase the effectiveness of policing. It is important for the public to trust and support law enforcement because this will be crucial when it comes to law enforcements expansion and maintenance. STATEMENT OF LIMITATIONS In order to measure the activities of local law enforcement, the sensitive measurement of public opinion is important. When law enforcement and the community exchange information it can foster a law enforcement-community partnership that can be tailored to specific concerns of the community (Maxon, Hennigan, Sloane, 2003). The publics opinion of law enforcements activities, fear, crime, and identifying strengths and problems in the community is an important representation of law enforcement. Surveys need to be done on a regular basis in order to further understand these issues. Independent organizations are the ones who should be responsible for conducting these surveys in order to prevent responses that are biased. If these surveys are conducted over a number of years then this will allow for a better understanding of the publics opinion of law enforcement. When community residents are surveyed, this can provide important information regarding the publics opinion of the activities of law enforcement. As the above survey will show, this kind of survey will provide a surprising amount of valuable information regarding the relationship between the public and law enforcement. This information can assist in directing both law enforcement and the public alike and assist in monitoring the effectiveness of law enforcement interventions. CONCLUSION Data from research shows that the public will have more trust in citizens like themselves rather than law enforcement and that they will be more than willing to file a complaint; Citizens will be more unprejudiced when it comes to assessing complaints from other citizens; Their impartiality will bring into being a higher percentage of valid complaints that will discourage and aid in reducing instances of misconduct by law enforcement; and because of these actions the public, will have more confidence in law enforcement. Many law enforcement officers accept having a citizens review board as something to be anticipated and stated their willingness to work with members of the public (An examination of, 2006). The predicament for civilian review boards is that a good number of them do not have the clout and authority or the funds to make the first move on independent investigations of law enforcement nor to deliver judgments on complaints. For the most part all they can typically do is evaluate an investigation that was performed by law enforcement and put together commendations about punishment. Very rare do they have any final say over the decisions of law enforcement management (An examination of, 2006). All in all, the majority of research studies suggest that if civilian review boards are given enough funds there is a much superior possibility that their work will have an impact on the conduct of law enforcement officers and this will in turn increase the publics confidence in the police. Even as there appear to be a broad-spectrum agreement that civilian review is a necessity in order to set up boundaries for law enforcement in a society that is democratic, this technique of citizens becoming engaged in law enforcement needs, to a greater extent, to be developed further if it is to be proven successful (An examination of, 2006). Three of the most important issues are: Instituting and simplifying the level of authority that civilian review boards will hold and their level of independence from law enforcement; Making sure that they get enough resources to Ensuring they obtain adequate resources to accomplish their goals; and Investigating ways of addressing the numerous facets of racism by law enforcement. The main goal of civilian review boards is to accomplish a better balance between the publics participation in law enforcement so that they are held answerable to the public, and enhancing the independence of the police so that public order can be preserved in a peaceful and democratic society (An examination of, 2006).

Challenges of special needs education Essay

Efforts involved in implementation of Special needs education in Uganda today have got challenges that are facing them. These challenges are Handling the problems of an inclusive classroom. The concept of having classrooms that contain both special needs students and students who are developing typically is becoming a popular one. This type of education poses new challenges for a special education teacher. For example, many students who have no disabilities are unaccustomed to dealing with those who do. Teachers in these classes are charged with eliminating cruelty and insensitivity from among  their students and ensuring that those with special needs are treated with respect. Professional Isolation. The nature of a special education teacher’s work is very different from that of traditional teachers; the result of this is that standard classroom teachers may not view them as colleagues. There may be a professional stigma attached to the work of teaching â€Å"slow† students. Special education teachers often work with smaller groups and may focus on skills rather than content, thereby leading to the perception that their work is easier or less important. Lack of support from parents. Some parents of special needs children are disinterested in the welfare of their children and fail to provide them with adequate care. Alternatively, they may be overly protective. Both can be problematic for the child and for their teacher. Disinterested parents may have no involvement with their child’s education or interaction with their teachers, WHEREAS OVERPROTECTIVE PARENTS MAY HAVE UNREALISTIC EXPECTATIONS FROM THE CHILD AND THE CHILD’S teachers. Both attitudes can shape children in negative ways. Parental disinterest may make special needs students less motivated and parents who are overprotective often diminish their  child’s confidence and make it harder for them to learn. 2 otydally@gmail. com The difficulty of discipline in a special needs classroom. Disabled children may have behavioral issues including restlessness and moodiness. They may also exhibit problems like a short attention span or an inability to understand what is being taught. Special education teachers have to learn how to deal with these problems as well as how to take appropriate disciplinary measures. Budget problems. Across the nation, special education programs are facing increasing enrollment and decreasing budgets. The result is that there are fewer teacher assistants available, which results in a greater workload for special education teachers. They may also face shortages of essential resources and equipment for delivering effective lessons. Shortage of teachers to handle learners with special needs. Most of the teachers refuse to offer a hand once told to handle a class and later identify that learners in that class are disabled in one way or the other. Many teachers like to teach only learners who are able to do things without any difficulty. They fail to understand that ability is not to everyone. Shortage of teaching materials. Some schools in Uganda today support the learners with special needs but they are faced with a problem of the materials they are to use to teach the learners for example having brails for the blind. This poses a challenge to special needs education in Uganda today. Statistics about the number of the children with special needs. There is no correct statistical approximation of the number of the children with special needs in Uganda today. Supplemented by the enumeration of people taking place after a long period. With miss appropriated number of  children with special needs, there comes a challenge to the state to budget for them in terms of the resources like human resource available. 3 otydally@gmail. com Rigid curriculum. Rigidity of the curriculum is also a challenge as it does not clearly show how to handle people with disabilities. The curriculum provides the content but not the pedagogy. This poses achallenge to the teachers who handle learners with special needs on how to handle and present or deliver the content. There are few schools that offer special needs education in Uganda today. They are faced with  a problem of handling the whole multitude of learners all over the country. The population of learners in those schools is high becoming a challenge to teaching and special needs education in general. There are few training institutions for those who would wish to understand the necessary basics of handling learners with disabilities. Assumptions tend to be taken that it is automatic that an individual cannot fail to handle a person with any form of disability. This is a real misconception as for example a person may just think that he knows but when a disabled person asks him for some help, he directs him to specialists. Despite the fact that Special needs education is faced with a number of challenges. Some of those challenges can be mitigated. I suggest the following ways that can be used to act as solutions t the number of challenges above are:- Comprehensive review of state laws, regulations and policies should be done to in cooperate policies for efficient implementation of special needs education in Uganda today. In addition government policies should be put in place with clearly well-defined measures to the rights of the disabled and what is expected from the community as far as providing special needs education is concerned. This will enable the learners to be helped in whatever form the help may be but not being isolated and thus their presence in society thought of as being useless. 4 otydally@gmail. com Tertiary institutions that train teachers should in cooperate into their curriculum courses that train teachers to handle learners with special needs. This will help increase the human resource that handle learners with special needs eliminating the challenge of the shortage of teachers with skills of handling learners with special needs. Sensitization of stake holders of their roles regarding the support they should render to people  with disabilities. This will make parents not to keep their children at home rather send them to schools where they may be fully partially included in regular classes thus will end up having achieved their right to education. Parents should made aware of the consequences of not rendering a hand in the education of their children. The government should consider the special needs education sector on their budget. This will make them cater for the materials that the students need to learn. With these materials like the brails available, the implementation of education of learners with special needs will not have  much trouble. Review of the curriculum to check where people with various forms of disabilities can be infused into the system needs to be done as this will help teachers have at least some basics of handling the disabled not leaving everything tothose whom they claim to be experts inthat field. With maximum cooperation of teachers in the school, all the students will thus be catered for. REFERENCES Fanning, B. , Veale, A. , & O’Connor, D. (2001). Beyond the pale: Asylum seeking children and social exclusion in Ireland. Dublin: Irish Refugee Council. Farrell, P. (1997). The integration of children with severe learning difficulties: A review of the recent literature. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 50(2), 26-31 Ferguson, D. L. (2008). International trends in inclusive education: The continuing challenge to teach each one and everyone. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 23(2), 109-120 Gutman, L. M. , & Midgley, C. (2000). The role of protective factors in supporting the academic achievement of poor African American students during the middle school transition. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 223-248.

Admission Essay about Demographics of Japan

The demographic characteristics of the Japan’s population include ethnicity, population density, population health, education level, religious affiliations, economic status, and other aspects of the population (Lie 22). As of March 2009, the population of Japan was 127,076,184, making it the worlds tenth most highly populated country. Japans population density was 336Â  individuals per square kilometer (Hughes 45). Japan’s demography shows the country to be highly population and concerning the density of inhabitants Japan stands to be 30th country in the globe. There is very high life expectancy and low birth rate. Â  Japan’s demography also shows that during high growth of population occurred in19 th and 20 th centuries which has been lowered now due to very low birth rate and roughly no immigration. Demographically the most crowded regions and cities in Japan are Kyushu, Honshu, Yokohama, Kyoto, Osaka, Kawasaki, Kobe, and many more. Tokyo, the capital city of Japan is the largest municipal city in Japan with highest number of population. Japan has a high number of urban populations. Japan also has the highest population of elderly people across the globe. Japanese society is linguistically and ethnically very pure with 98% of the population speaking Japanese. The other 2% consists of immigrants and new Japanese population of mainly Chinese Koreans, and Loochoos, as well as the tiny native smaller group of the Ainu on Hokkaido. The Japan’s government, as an official strategy, does not recognize full citizenship of many immigrants who have lived in Japan for many generations and decades (kinyau 89) Works Cited Lie, John. Demographics of Japan. London: W.W. Havard university press, 2001. Hughes, Japan’s population. 7th ed. New York: Addison Wesley, 2006. Kinyau, James. Japan demographics. Kenya: U.G. Lomgman Publishers, 2008.

Essay on the Image of Lady Macbeth - 945 Words

The Image of Lady Macbethnbsp; nbsp; Macbeth, one of the greatest tragedies written by William Shakespeare, tells a story about uncontrollable ambition, which destroys Macbeth and his wife. Interpreting the play using the mythological approach, Lady Macbeth exhibits a profound image as the terrible mother, nbsp;more so than the â€Å"weird sisters.† Her evil intention foreshadows the awful fate and destiny of her family. The force that drives Lady Macbeth is her insatiable thirst for power. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Macbeth does not have clear ambition to kill King Duncan till Lady Macbeth suggests him to do so. In Act I, Scene III, Macbeth finally encounters the witches and acknowledges†¦show more content†¦As a strong character, she misinterprets iexcl; §Behind every great man there is a woman.iexcl;uml; Consequently, she is the one who strongly endorses Macbeth to usurp the monarch and has him to eliminate some people who have the possibilities to recover the kingdom. As the wife, she perfectly understands his husband’s inner conflict. In other words, Lady Macbeth has a strong insight of human nature. As a result, she knows exactly how to dominate over her husband and the means to stimulate him. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; What thou art promis’d: yet do I fear thy nature; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; It is too full o’th milk of human kindness nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; To catch the nearest way. (Act I, Scene v, lines 14-16) Certainly, it makes Macbeth suffer from the confliction between ambition and loyalty. When he tries to retreat his plan, his wife prevents him from doing so, and, of course, the project of assassination still on the way. Hereof, Macbeth is precisely controlled by the Lady and loses his Jeffersonian principles. If this foregrounds the female figures, Lady Macbeth is also equated with the Witches in more specific ways.3 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Lady Macbeth appears as an image of the terrible mother in the following ways.Show MoreRelatedDefining Manhood Through Gender Stereotypes1183 Words   |  5 PagesStereotypes in Macbeth In The Tragedy of Macbeth, Shakespeare attempts to define manhood and explore the different perceptions held towards what it means to be a man. As William Liston notes in his essay, â€Å"Man appears more than 40 times, almost always with a conscious sense of defining the term—or rather, of defining a person by the term† (232). 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Aristotle s Argument For Formal And Final Causes

In this paper, I will refute Aristotle’s argument in the Physics in showing the need for formal and final causes in explaining natural things, by showing that his theories do not allow for any ‘chance’. Aristotle claims we observe order in the presence of ‘nature’ and ‘forms’. Accordingly, final and formal causes give structure and regularity to the natural world. I will argue, especially from the stance of materialism and Empedocles’ theories that chance can lead to order. In Physics II, particularly parts 4-6, Aristotle asserts that all of nature is ultimately teleological: everything is organized towards some final end. The four main elements, earth, fire, water, and air, hold a natural purpose to move towards the center of planet earth. For example, the natural place for water is the surface of planet earth. These elements move and change the way they do, due to their forms. This is how their natural places in the world have been determined. 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American Bureaucracy and Its Budgetary Decisions Free Essays

A Budget is a management tool that is an expression of planned expenditures and revenues. â€Å"Budgets serve many important functions in government. In one sense, budgets are contracts annually agreed on by the executive and legislative branches that allow executive agencies and departments to raise and spend public funds in specified ways for the coming fiscal year, as stated by Stillman in â€Å"The American Bureaucracy† He also says that budgets impose a mutual set of legal obligations between the elected and appointed officers of public organizations with regard to taxation and expenditure policies, therefore, is a legal contract that provides a vehicle for fiscal controls over subordinate units of government by the politically elected representatives of the people. We will write a custom essay sample on American Bureaucracy and Its Budgetary Decisions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Budgetary decisions are made, according to Rubin in her book The Politics of Public Budgeting, by envisioning governments as â€Å"not merely technical managerial documents† but rather â€Å"they are also intrinsically and irreducibly political. † Her ideas are similar to that of general budget concepts over balancing expenditures and revenues, but differ in fundamental ways according to Stillman. The open environments within which budgets are developed, the variety of actors involved, the constraints imposed as well as the emphasis on public accountability, give budgets special and distinctive features in the public sector. † The differences between microbudgeting and macrobudgeting are just what their prefaces imply. â€Å"On the one hand there are a number budget actors, who have all individual motivations, who strategize to get what they want from the budget. The focus on the actors and their strategies is called microbudgeting. They do not bargain with one another over the budget. They are assigned budget roles by the budget process, the issues they examine are often framed by the budget process, and the timing and coordination of their decisions are often regulated by the budget process, according to Rubin. She goes on to say that actors are not free to come to budget agreements alone. They are bound by the environmental constraints. There are decisions that they are not permitted to make because they are either against the law, the courts disagree, or previous decision makers have bound their hands. Budgetary decision making has to account not just for budgetary actors but also for budget process and the environment. This more top-down and systematic perspective on budgeting is called macrobudgeting. † Budget strategies are affected by environment, budget process, and individual strategies, all of which influence the outcomes. The level of certainty of funding influences strategies as well. â€Å"Attention will focus on what is available now, and going after whatever it is, whether it is what you want or not, because what you really want may never show up and hence is not worth waiting for. â€Å"The effect of different strategies on the outcomes is hard to gauge. It seems obvious, however, that strategies that ignore the process or the environment are doomed to failure. Budget actors have to figure out where the flexibility is before they can influence how that flexibility will be used. Strategies that try to bypass superiors or fool legislators generally do not work; strategies that involve careful documentation of need and appear to save money are generally more successful. † There are four phases of a budget cycle; environment, process, individual strategies, and outcomes. In this causal model, or schema, the environment, budget process, and individuals† strategies all affect the outcomes. â€Å"The environment influences budgetary outcomes directly and indirectly, through process and individual strategies. The environment influences outcomes directly, without going through either budget process or individual strategies, when it imposes emergencies that reorder priorities. † The environment influences the budget process in several ways, including the level of resources available, the format of the budget, and the degree of centralization of decision making. â€Å"Environment in the sense of the results of prior decisions may also influence process. † â€Å"Changes in process take place in response to individuals, committees, and branches of government jockeying for power; in response to changes in the environment from rich to lean, or vice versa; in response to changes in the power of interest groups; and in response to scandals or excesses of various kinds. â€Å" How to cite American Bureaucracy and Its Budgetary Decisions, Essay examples

Professional Identity A Registered Nursing â€Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss About The Professional Identity A Registered Nursing? Answer: Introducation Nursing is a profession that stands as the pillar in the health care industry holding all the different components together like the proverbial glue, ever since the introduction of this profession by Florence Nightingale. It has to be understood that nurses are those healthcare professionals who act not only in caring for the patient but It is also the medium of communication between the patient and the medical practitioner ensuring optimal treatment and care for the patients (Johnson, Cowin, Wilson, Young, 2012). accounting to Andrew, patients have a much more respectful and interactive relationship with the nurses as they spend most of the time while being in the healthcare facilities in the care of the nursing professionals, hence the patients find nurses to be much more approachable when it comes to sharing their grievances and feedback (Andrew, 2012). However sadly, despite nursing being one of the noblest professions available, it has still not achieved its due recognition in the society. The profession of nursing is in dire need of respect and recognition in the society which can only be provided to them by developing a respectful professional identity for them. This essay will explore the above mentioned thesis statement taking the example of the blog by Caitlin Brassington, where the author expresses her grievances at being belittled in the society for being just a nurse in profession. Nursing as a profession represents a lot of different attributes, starting from courage compassion, selflessness, patience, perseverance and most of all kindness. A profession that has as many moral attributes associated with it demands a level of emotional investment from the professional that no other profession can even attempt to demand. Nurses have to complete a diverse range of activities and responsibilities on a daily basis, designing a patient centered care, carrying out the care plan, monitoring the response of the patient to the care plan, educating the patient and engaging him into the care plan, and communicating with the patient regarding any grievances that the patient might have with the care plan, and lastly providing compassionate psychological support and counseling to the patients in order to help him attain faster recovery (Hoeve, Jansen, Roodbol, 2014). In order to complete all these activities at the same time for different patients on a daily basis the nurses straw just need to put in long hours, they need to invest emotional attachment and extreme effort from their end for restoring the health of the society. However despite all of the contributions of the nurses to the society, it is a profession that is seriously be result even in this current age. Many of the health care research writers have hinted at the importance of the nursing professionals in the health care industry for it to sustain, there is still lack of respect for the nursing professionals, and there are two prime contributing factors behind, the lack of a respectful professional identity in the society for the nurses, and the lack of knowledge and awareness in the mass about the contribution of the nursing profession in the present day health care (Hallam, 2012). Drawing references from the article written by Caitlin Brassington, a registered nurse, who had been extremely angered and disheartened at being called just a nurse by one of her acquaintances, and her reaction had been more than justified (Brassington, 2017). As a registered nurse practicing in the Australia, there are a multitude of responsibilities to complete. A few of the roles and responsibilities that a registered nurse include performing physical assessment and taking health history, providing promotional and educational help experience along with counseling, medication administration and management and other patient-centered interventions, interpretation of patient information and critical decision making, coordination and collaboration of care within multidisciplinary healthcare team, directing and supervising care, and lastly conducting overall research to incorporate evidence based best practice (Maran Pera, 2015). However, there is very little knowledge in the mass rega rding the responsibilities that a registered nurse has or the daily health care related activities that a RN partakes in. this extreme lack of knowledge and normal respect is reflected in the response you are Just a Nurse of the acquaintance to Caitlin. However, it had to be understood within this context that this lack of knowledge is a direct result of the conspicuous lack of a respectful professional identity for the nurses in the society bringing us to the other contributing factor mentioned above. While the blame for this consequence like a professional identity in the nursing profession can be bestowed upon the faulty designation structure and stereotyping within the healthcare industry and lack of recognizing the nothing works as an integral part of healthcare industry as of now, there is a basic lack of self respect and professional identity within the nursing professionals as well (Hood, et al., 2014). There are a lot of nursing individuals who fail to recognize and respect the contribution of their own profession due to either extreme work pressure and stress or unsatisfactory pay, their lack of respect was there on profession is reflected in the standing the society has given to the nursing profession. Therefore nursing h as been and continues to suffer in extreme lack of understanding in the general public, and these stereotypes feeds on the lack of respectful professional identity for the nurses. Therefore there is need for the nursing professionals to understand the contribution they are making for the society, and the indispensable role they play in the Healthcare industry restoring the health and wellbeing the entire society (Willetts Clarke, 2014). The term professional identity can be defined as an individual on perception on the attributes believes values motives and professional experiences in the context of the job roles and responsibilities that the individual has to partake in. In the blog by Caitlin Brassington, she has described bits and pieces of daily responsibilities as a registered nurse and has provided a beautiful contrast between the belittlement she received operations acquaintance and the magnitude of contribution as a nurse to the society by her (Sims, 2011). She has explained in this article how she had helped mothers deliver babies into the world, how to restore the dignity of the patients, counseled grieving patients after losing a child, perform CPR bringing patients back alive from the very brink of death, educated patients and junior nurses, etc. She had also mentioned how she has sacrificed holidays, memorable days of her children, in order to fulfill her responsibilities as a registered nurse. Like a t rue professional Caitlin has successfully showcased all the professional attributes, delete values and opinions she has about her profession and has contradicted the belittlement acquaintance provided her calling her just a nurse. She has expressed grief at being called just a nurse, in spite of the fact that she contributed and sacrificed so much for her profession and in order to fulfill her job responsibilities. Hence it can be concluded that Caitlin but successfully demonstrate a respectful and morally adequate professional identity as a registered nurse in her blog. In my own opinion the block written by Caitlin Brassington had been an eye opener for all the nursing professionals sacrificing a lot in order to contribute to the society and fulfill the job responsibilities of a nurse. Kids in very beautifully outlined the responsibilities of a registered nurse however she missed out on a lot of details that a registered nurse has to go through on a daily basis. However her I think has been expressive along with been crucially truthful reflecting her pride at being a part of the nursing workforce. And I would like to follow her footsteps to develop selfless professionalism and compassionate kindness for my patience, all the while being extremely proud of my profession. Caitlin provides a glorious example of how a nursing profession and should be, and hence writing received a significant response in the social media. There are challenges in following her ideologies, face the extreme work pressure, stress, and lack of recognition (Vaismoradi, Salsali , Ahmadi, 2011). However with a little support and willful effort it is not impossible to achieve, and as social media provides a great platform for connecting with other nursing professionals and gaining along with providing support, the standard set by Caitlin can be achieved easily. References Andrew, N. (2012). Professional identity in nursing: are we there yet?. Nurse Education Today. Brassington, C. (2017, september 11). 'Am I just a nurse?'. Retrieved from ABC News: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-11/just-a-nurse-queensland-woman-writes-open-letter/7919422 Hallam, J. (2012). Nursing the image: media, culture and professional identity. Routledge. Hoeve, Y. T., Jansen, G., Roodbol, P. (2014). The nursing profession: public image, self?concept and professional identity. . A discussion paper. Journal of advanced nursing, 295-309. Hood, K., Cant, R., Baulch, J., Gilbee, A., Leech, M., Anderson, A., Davies, K. (2014). Prior experience of interprofessional learning enhances undergraduate nursing and healthcare students' professional identity and attitudes to teamwork. Nurse Education in Practice,. Johnson, M., Cowin, L. S., Wilson, I., Young, H. (2012). Professional identity and nursing: contemporary theoretical developments and future research challenges. International nursing review. Maran, A. A., Pera, M. P. (2015). Theory and practice in the construction of professional identity in nursing students: a qualitative study. . Nurse education today,. Sims, D. (2011). Reconstructing professional identity for professional and interprofessional practice: A mixed methods study of joint training programmes in learning disability nursing and social work. Journal of interprofessional management care. Vaismoradi, M., Salsali, M., Ahmadi, F. (2011). Perspectives of Iranian male nursing students regarding the role of nursing education in developing a professional identity: a content analysis study. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 174-183. Willetts, G., Clarke, D. (2014). Constructing nurses professional identity through social identity theory. International journal of nursing practice, 164-169.